Can you guys fill me in on what this disease is an its symptoms?. I am just learning all the basic diseases that cattle get an the best preventative measures available. An the vaccines available to prevent it. Thanks for the help in advance. :wave:
IBR in cattle
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Keren
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3.ii INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR)
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
The causative agent is Bovine Herpesvirus 1. Expression of clinical disease is greater in stressed animals but "late breaks" in heavy, healthy cattle can occur. BHV1 destroys the mucociliary escalator, resulting in failure of the lung clearance mechanisms. Cattle can die from secondary pneumonia but in severe cases the inflammation and necrosis of the trachea can result in death with minimal pulmonary pathology. BHV 1 appears to be ubiquitous in feedlot cattle populations.
Clinical Signs
Clinical signs are the same as for BRD with the additional sign of profuse frothy salivation and extension of the neck. However, these signs may also occasionally occur with bronchopneumonia (BRD) and are therefore not pathognomonic for IBR, but they are a strong indication of the condition.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Auscultation may indicate increased respiratory sounds localised to the trachea
Pyrexia during the acute phase
Post-mortem
Post-mortem Findings
Necrotic tracheitis with possible secondary involvement of the ventral lung lobes resembling an inhalation pneumonia (there may also be inflammation and discrete petechiae on the muzzle and in the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx).
Treatment
* Antibiotics as outlined above for BRD
* NSAIDs - tolfenamic acid (40 mg/ml, Tolfedine CS) @ 2mg/kg im q 48h twice only - meloxicam (20 mg/ml, Metacam) @ 0.5mg/kg sc, iv once only - ketoprofen (100mg/ml, Key) @ 3mg/kg slow iv or im sid 1-3dd + Vitamin C @ 13mg/kg at the time of treatment with antibiotics
Prevention
As for BRD + vaccination with Rhinogard.
3.i. BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE (BRD)
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
A multifactorial disease related strongly to a variety of stressors, potentially involving several viruses and bacteria. The viruses commonly involved in the disease circulate amongst feedlot cattle at a high level and the common bacteria can be isolated from the airways of clinically normal cattle. Except for the effect of cattle persistently infected with pestivirus increasing the incidence of BRD in cattle in the same and adjacent pens, BRD tends to cluster in groups of cattle from similar origins and does not behave as an "infectious disease". BRD frequently, but not always, begins with a viral infection caused usually by
Parainfluenza 3 (PI3)
Pestivirus (an indirect immunosuppressive effect – primary pulmonary lesions from pestivirus have only been produced under experimental conditions).
BRSV does not appear to play a major role in BRD in Australia. IBR, caused by BHV1, is best dealt with as a separate disease entity.
The bacteria that may commonly act as either primary or secondary pathogens are
Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica)
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni (formerly Haemophilus somnus)
Other bacteria that may fill the BRD bacterial ecological niche are
Salmonella spp.
Arcanobacterium pyogenes (formerly Actinomyces pyogenes, formerly Corynebacterium pyogenes)
Mycoplasma has not been found to have a significant role in BRD in Australian feedlots. The lesion resulting from these infections is a bronchopneumonia plus there may also be pleuritis and/or pericarditis.
Clinical Signs
Depression/lethargy
Coughing (esp. when disturbed)
Nasal discharge (initially serous progressing to mucopurulent)
Anorexia
Pyrexia in the acute phase
Increased respiratory sounds (consolidation results in absence)
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Auscultation is highly variable
Rectal temperature is highly variable
Post-mortem
Post-mortem Findings
Varies from mottled red-grey regions of hepatisation and consolidation to severe fibrinopurulent involvement of large areas of the lung with profuse production of purulent exudate and associated pleuritis/pericarditis, with occasional cases displaying peritonitis (Histophilus somni). The extent of the organisation of the fibrin and abscessation of lung lobes give some indication of whether the condition was acute or chronic.
Treatment
Common regimens
OTC (100mg/ml) @ 3mg/kg im, iv sid or 10mg/kg im eod.
Tilmicosin (300mg/ml, Micotil) @ 10 mg/kg sc once only
Ceftiofur (50 mg/ml, Excenel) @ 1mg/kg sc sid
Florfenicol (300mg/ml, Nuflor) @ 40 mg/kg sc q 3dd
Tulathromycin (100mg/ml, Draxxin) @ 2.5 mg/kg sc once only
+ Vitamin C @ 14 mg/kg im at the time of treatment with antibiotics
Prevention
MINIMISE STRESS
Purchase yard weaned, backgrounded cattle in pen lots
Dust control (pen cleaning, watering lanes)
Do not delay induction beyond 3 days
Fill the rumen initially with highly palatable, high quality hay and clean water
Feed highly palatable starter diets with 14-16 % CP (aiming for 1/3 UDP) and the maximum possible energy density whilst meeting fibre constraints.
Minimise the time taken to fill a pen
Minimise mixing
Vaccination (?)
Mass medication of high risk cattle
General info regarding BRD and IBR
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) has previously been considered as part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) complex. It is more appropriate to consider IBR as a separate entity because it is only caused by a single organism and bronchopneumonia can still occur in the absence of IBR. Furthermore, in Australia there is now a vaccine effective against IBR with a high level of efficacy. It is important for feedlot managers to understand that Rhinogard vaccine will prevent IBR, but "traditional" BRD will still occur. Nevertheless, IBR is the most severe of the viral respiratory conditions in Australian feedlots and it is cost-effective to prevent it. BHV1 is the only viral respiratory pathogen that can kill cattle without significant secondary bacterial pneumonia. Rhinogard is a modified live intranasal vaccine that must be stored and handled according to the label directions to maintain potency. Unlike IBR, which is only caused by a single organism, BRD is a stress induced disease complex that has a number of potential viral initiators and bacterial pathogens. Mannheimia haemolytica is one of the bacteria capable of filling the microbial ecological niche in BRD. Being only one of the bacterial organisms involved in BRD, vaccination against M. haemolytica alone has a limited effect on the incidence of BRD. The response to vaccination against M. haemolytica is dependent on the proportion of BRD cases succumbing to M. haemolytica and is modified by the proportion of cases that may have succumbed to M. haemolytica that succumb to another bacterial BRD agent. The cost-effectiveness of this vaccine is best assessed by controlled trials on the feedlot of interest and might vary over time.
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
The causative agent is Bovine Herpesvirus 1. Expression of clinical disease is greater in stressed animals but "late breaks" in heavy, healthy cattle can occur. BHV1 destroys the mucociliary escalator, resulting in failure of the lung clearance mechanisms. Cattle can die from secondary pneumonia but in severe cases the inflammation and necrosis of the trachea can result in death with minimal pulmonary pathology. BHV 1 appears to be ubiquitous in feedlot cattle populations.
Clinical Signs
Clinical signs are the same as for BRD with the additional sign of profuse frothy salivation and extension of the neck. However, these signs may also occasionally occur with bronchopneumonia (BRD) and are therefore not pathognomonic for IBR, but they are a strong indication of the condition.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Auscultation may indicate increased respiratory sounds localised to the trachea
Pyrexia during the acute phase
Post-mortem
Post-mortem Findings
Necrotic tracheitis with possible secondary involvement of the ventral lung lobes resembling an inhalation pneumonia (there may also be inflammation and discrete petechiae on the muzzle and in the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx).
Treatment
* Antibiotics as outlined above for BRD
* NSAIDs - tolfenamic acid (40 mg/ml, Tolfedine CS) @ 2mg/kg im q 48h twice only - meloxicam (20 mg/ml, Metacam) @ 0.5mg/kg sc, iv once only - ketoprofen (100mg/ml, Key) @ 3mg/kg slow iv or im sid 1-3dd + Vitamin C @ 13mg/kg at the time of treatment with antibiotics
Prevention
As for BRD + vaccination with Rhinogard.
3.i. BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE (BRD)
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
A multifactorial disease related strongly to a variety of stressors, potentially involving several viruses and bacteria. The viruses commonly involved in the disease circulate amongst feedlot cattle at a high level and the common bacteria can be isolated from the airways of clinically normal cattle. Except for the effect of cattle persistently infected with pestivirus increasing the incidence of BRD in cattle in the same and adjacent pens, BRD tends to cluster in groups of cattle from similar origins and does not behave as an "infectious disease". BRD frequently, but not always, begins with a viral infection caused usually by
Parainfluenza 3 (PI3)
Pestivirus (an indirect immunosuppressive effect – primary pulmonary lesions from pestivirus have only been produced under experimental conditions).
BRSV does not appear to play a major role in BRD in Australia. IBR, caused by BHV1, is best dealt with as a separate disease entity.
The bacteria that may commonly act as either primary or secondary pathogens are
Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica)
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni (formerly Haemophilus somnus)
Other bacteria that may fill the BRD bacterial ecological niche are
Salmonella spp.
Arcanobacterium pyogenes (formerly Actinomyces pyogenes, formerly Corynebacterium pyogenes)
Mycoplasma has not been found to have a significant role in BRD in Australian feedlots. The lesion resulting from these infections is a bronchopneumonia plus there may also be pleuritis and/or pericarditis.
Clinical Signs
Depression/lethargy
Coughing (esp. when disturbed)
Nasal discharge (initially serous progressing to mucopurulent)
Anorexia
Pyrexia in the acute phase
Increased respiratory sounds (consolidation results in absence)
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Auscultation is highly variable
Rectal temperature is highly variable
Post-mortem
Post-mortem Findings
Varies from mottled red-grey regions of hepatisation and consolidation to severe fibrinopurulent involvement of large areas of the lung with profuse production of purulent exudate and associated pleuritis/pericarditis, with occasional cases displaying peritonitis (Histophilus somni). The extent of the organisation of the fibrin and abscessation of lung lobes give some indication of whether the condition was acute or chronic.
Treatment
Common regimens
OTC (100mg/ml) @ 3mg/kg im, iv sid or 10mg/kg im eod.
Tilmicosin (300mg/ml, Micotil) @ 10 mg/kg sc once only
Ceftiofur (50 mg/ml, Excenel) @ 1mg/kg sc sid
Florfenicol (300mg/ml, Nuflor) @ 40 mg/kg sc q 3dd
Tulathromycin (100mg/ml, Draxxin) @ 2.5 mg/kg sc once only
+ Vitamin C @ 14 mg/kg im at the time of treatment with antibiotics
Prevention
MINIMISE STRESS
Purchase yard weaned, backgrounded cattle in pen lots
Dust control (pen cleaning, watering lanes)
Do not delay induction beyond 3 days
Fill the rumen initially with highly palatable, high quality hay and clean water
Feed highly palatable starter diets with 14-16 % CP (aiming for 1/3 UDP) and the maximum possible energy density whilst meeting fibre constraints.
Minimise the time taken to fill a pen
Minimise mixing
Vaccination (?)
Mass medication of high risk cattle
General info regarding BRD and IBR
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) has previously been considered as part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) complex. It is more appropriate to consider IBR as a separate entity because it is only caused by a single organism and bronchopneumonia can still occur in the absence of IBR. Furthermore, in Australia there is now a vaccine effective against IBR with a high level of efficacy. It is important for feedlot managers to understand that Rhinogard vaccine will prevent IBR, but "traditional" BRD will still occur. Nevertheless, IBR is the most severe of the viral respiratory conditions in Australian feedlots and it is cost-effective to prevent it. BHV1 is the only viral respiratory pathogen that can kill cattle without significant secondary bacterial pneumonia. Rhinogard is a modified live intranasal vaccine that must be stored and handled according to the label directions to maintain potency. Unlike IBR, which is only caused by a single organism, BRD is a stress induced disease complex that has a number of potential viral initiators and bacterial pathogens. Mannheimia haemolytica is one of the bacteria capable of filling the microbial ecological niche in BRD. Being only one of the bacterial organisms involved in BRD, vaccination against M. haemolytica alone has a limited effect on the incidence of BRD. The response to vaccination against M. haemolytica is dependent on the proportion of BRD cases succumbing to M. haemolytica and is modified by the proportion of cases that may have succumbed to M. haemolytica that succumb to another bacterial BRD agent. The cost-effectiveness of this vaccine is best assessed by controlled trials on the feedlot of interest and might vary over time.
