From what we've recently learned about calves' immune systems, a lot of what we took (and told, as vets) as 'gospel' was wrong.
It appears that they can - and do - respond to vaccines given early - even on day one; colostral antibodies don't necessarily interfere with their response to vaccines.
However, it does appear that there is a significant 'dip' in how well a calf's immune system functions between about days 3 and 7 - so...I refrain from giving vaccines or doing anything else that may further stress the little fellows during that time period. If I'm going to vaccinate or castrate/ear-tag, etc., I try to do it in the first day or so, or wait 'til they're about 10 days old.