When they are bron we just use a smaller off colored tag with a number on it and correlate it to what it's actaul tag number would be if we end up keeping it. We use orange or blue tags for calves and mark it down as O1 or B5 depending on the color of the tag and the number on it. We tag heifers in the left ear and bulls/steers in the right, makes it easy to tell at a glance what gender it is in the pasture.
For those that we keep we change their tag at weaning:
First character is the letter year (international standard that most breed associations use) this year is A. Then the sequential number for the calf as it was born. First calf is A1 fifth calf is A5. For older untagged cows I use the same deal but just sort of guess at their age unless they have a bangs tag. When we got Granny we tagged her B1, the second cow we got that year we tagged .1 (different years on the bangs tag). We don;t bother putting all the cow and bull data on the tag, we keep that on paper.