South Dakota State University researchers did a study with white-tailed deer. They gave pregnant female deer imidacloprid in two different doses. These were their findings.
Effects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Physiology and Reproductive Characteristics of Captive Female and Fawn White-tailed Deer, Berheim et. al. 2019. Results indicated that 1) control deer consumed more water than treatment groups, 2) imidacloprid was present in the organs of our control group, indicating environmental contamination, 3) as imidacloprid increased in the spleen, fawn survival, thyroxine levels, jawbone lengths, body weight, and organ weights decreased, 4) adult female imidacloprid levels in the genitals were negatively correlated with genital organ weight and,
5) behavioral observations indicated that imidacloprid levels in spleens were negatively correlated with activity levels in adult females and fawns. Results demonstrate that imidacloprid has direct effects on white-tailed deer when administered at field–relevant doses.
The South Dakota study was based on the results of two studies I helped with concerning the prevalence of the birth defects that began occurring on vertebrate species, especially grazing animals, rodents and birds in spring of 1995. The birth defects on white-tailed deer were first reported on yearlings in spring of 1996 by biologists who worked for Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. It was eventually found that a fairly high prevalence of newborn mule deer, pronghorn antelope, moose, elk, bison, bighorn sheep, mountain goat and all examined domestic grazing animals, including equine species, camelid species, goats, sheep and cattle were being born with the same health issues, including weakness, low activity levels, failure to thrive and mortality as the white-tailed deer, including the same birth defects our first two studies reported. The birth defects, like underbite and overbite, reproductive malformations, enlarged right heart ventricle and underdeveloped thymus (the main immune system organ on a newborn mammal) were rare and for some had not previously been reported in the scientific literature. Imidacloprid began being used in states west of our area and in our area in spring and summer of 1994. I doubt, based on all the hundreds of studies showing the deadly effects of imidacloprid done since, that it was just a coincidence that all those birth defects began being observed on domestic newborns in early spring of 1995 and then on all the listed wild grazing animals in years after. Also, here in our area a whole raft of very rare and unusual birth defects were reported in newborn human babies beginning in spring of 1995 and those became more common each year after. Those included Trisomy 13, 18, and 21 (Trisomy 21 is commonly called Down's Syndrome), spina bifida, congenital abdominal herniation, missing portions of the brain, every heart defect known to medicine and a couple of new ones, autism, missing limbs or digits, underbite and micropenis on male babies. There were only around 340 to 350 babies born in our county each year in the late 1990s, so the prevalence of total birth defects then was quite high. Surrounding counties also reported high prevalence of heart defects and some Trisomy 13 babies. In 1996, with the release of Roundup Ready seeds and millions of new pounds of Glyphosate Based Herbicides used each year, the newborns had even higher prevalence of birth defects. What was called Weak Calf Syndrome killed hundreds of calves here in our county beginning in 1995 and it got worse each year for several years. Another pesticide that began being used in millions of pounds instead of thousands of pounds in spring of 1994 was fungicides, especially Chlorothalonil, on potato blight in the states upwind. None was used in our county, but I sent a sample of snow water to the Billings, Montana testing lab and had it tested for Chlorothalonil in March of 1999, 5 months after it was used in Idaho, Washington and Oregon on the potato fields and there was 0.43 ppb of Chlorothalonil and its two metabolites. Not very much, I hear you all say. That was 4 times what it took in a study done in Florida on freshwater animals to kill everything in the freshwater environment except algae. And it fell on all the grass, bushes, surface water, etc. on our land and our county and all of Montana and states further east. Now the worst part, imidacloprid and glyphosate and Chlorothalonil have all been found to work synergistically (any two or all three) to damage cells and kill animals up to 1000 times faster than any of those alone. So you can call that BS if you want to. You were lucky I guess. Just because you didn't have any problems that you observed, doesn't mean that your neighbors down wind didn't have problems because of the toxins you used. Why are so many calves still being born with an underbite all over North America because of an underdeveloped premaxillary bone? That had never happened on any cattle, horses, goats, sheep or other domestic or wild animal I had raised until it began happening in spring of 1995, the year after imidacloprid began being used and is still happening on newborns every year with overbite now becoming more common also. That is enough of what you like to call BS for now. It is so hilarious and ironic that BS is the abbreviation for Brachygnathia Superior, the most common birth defect caused on all affected species of mammals and birds, including on human newborns. So we both would definitely like to stop the BS, right - LOL.