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The Farm Crisis in the livestock sector
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<blockquote data-quote="flounder" data-source="post: 603897" data-attributes="member: 3519"><p>REPORT ON CURRENT & FUTURE SURVEILLANCE FOR BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/11/report-on-current-future-surveillance.html" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/ ... lance.html</a></p><p></p><p></p><p>Evaluation of the Human Transmission Risk of an Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Prion Strain </p><p></p><p>Qingzhong Kong,1* Mengjie Zheng,1 Cristina Casalone,2 Liuting Qing,1 Shenghai Huang,1? Bikram Chakraborty,1 Ping Wang,1 Fusong Chen,1 Ignazio Cali,1 Cristiano Corona,2 Francesca Martucci,2 Barbara Iulini,2 Pierluigi Acutis,2 Lan Wang,1 Jingjing Liang,1 Meiling Wang,1 Xinyi Li,1 Salvatore Monaco,3 Gianluigi Zanusso,3 Wen-Quan Zou,1 Maria Caramelli,2 and Pierluigi Gambetti1* </p><p>Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,1 CEA, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, 10154 Torino, Italy,2 Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy3 </p><p>*Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. Phone for Pierluigi Gambetti: (216) 368-0586. Fax: (216) 368-2546. E-mail: <a href="mailto:pxg13@case.edu">pxg13@case.edu</a> . Phone for Qingzhong Kong: (216) 368-1756. Fax: (216) 368-2546. E-mail: <a href="mailto:qxk2@case.edu">qxk2@case.edu</a> </p><p>?Present address: Department of Patient Education and Health Information, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195. </p><p>Received November 30, 2007; Accepted January 16, 2008. </p><p></p><p>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the prion disease in cattle, was widely believed to be caused by only one strain, BSE-C. BSE-C causes the fatal prion disease named new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans. Two atypical BSE strains, bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE, also named BSE-L) and BSE-H, have been discovered in several countries since 2004; their transmissibility and phenotypes in humans are unknown. We investigated the infectivity and human phenotype of BASE strains by inoculating transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the human prion protein with brain homogenates from two BASE strain-infected cattle. Sixty percent of the inoculated Tg mice became infected after 20 to 22 months of incubation, a transmission rate higher than those reported for BSE-C. A quarter of BASE strain-infected Tg mice, but none of the Tg mice infected with prions causing a sporadic human prion disease, showed the presence of pathogenic prion protein isoforms in the spleen, indicating that the BASE prion is intrinsically lymphotropic. The pathological prion protein isoforms in BASE strain-infected humanized Tg mouse brains are different from those from the original cattle BASE or sporadic human prion disease. Minimal brain spongiosis and long incubation times are observed for the BASE strain-infected Tg mice. These results suggest that in humans, the BASE strain is a more virulent BSE strain and likely lymphotropic. </p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2268471" target="_blank">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articl ... id=2268471</a></p><p></p><p></p><p>Thursday, December 04, 2008 2:37 PM </p><p></p><p>"we have found that H-BSE can infect humans." </p><p></p><p>personal communication with Professor Kong. ...TSS </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>November 25, 2008 </p><p></p><p>Update On Feed Enforcement Activities To Limit The Spread Of BSE </p><p></p><p> <a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/11/november-2008-update-on-feed.html" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/11/ ... -feed.html</a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>"the biochemical signature of PrPres in the BASE-inoculated animal was found to have a higher proteinase K sensitivity of the octa-repeat region. We found the same biochemical signature in three of four human patients with sporadic CJD and an MM type 2 PrP genotype who lived in the same country as the infected bovine." </p><p></p><p>just another one of those sporadic CJD coincidences i suppose $$$ </p><p></p><p>NOT to forget ; </p><p></p><p>Thursday, June 05, 2008 </p><p></p><p>Review on the epidemiology and dynamics of BSE epidemics </p><p></p><p>Vet. Res. (2008) 39:15 <a href="http://www.vetres.org" target="_blank">www.vetres.org</a> DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007053 c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2008 Review article </p><p></p><p>snip... </p><p></p><p>And last but not least, similarities of PrPres between Htype BSE and human prion diseases like CJD or GSS have been put forward [10], as well as between L-type BSE and CJD [17]. These findings raise questions about the origin and inter species transmission of these prion diseases that were discovered through the BSE active surveillance. </p><p></p><p>snip... </p><p></p><p>Cases of atypical BSE have only been found in countries having implemented large active surveillance programs. As of 1st September 2007, 36 cases (16 H, 20 L) have been described all over the world in cattle: Belgium (1 L) [23], Canada (1 H)15, Denmark (1 L)16, France (8 H, 6 L)17, Germany (1 H, 1 L) [13], Italy (3 L)18, Japan (1 L) [71], Netherlands (1 H, 2 L)19, Poland (1 H, 6 L)20, Sweden (1 H)21, United Kingdom (1 H)22, and USA (2 H)23. Another H-type case has been found in a 19 year old miniature zebu in a zoological park in Switzerland [56]. It is noteworthy that atypical cases have been found in countries that did not experience classical BSE so far, like Sweden, or in which only few cases of classical BSE have been found, like Canada or the USA. </p><p></p><p>And last but not least, similarities of PrPres between Htype BSE and human prion diseases like CJD or GSS have been put forward [10], as well as between L-type BSE and CJD [17]. These findings raise questions about the origin and inter species transmission of these prion diseases that were discovered through the BSE active surveillance. </p><p></p><p>full text 18 pages ; </p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.vetres.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/vetres/pdf/2008/04/v07232.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.vetres.org/index.php?option= ... v07232.pdf</a></p><p></p><p></p><p>please see full text ; </p><p></p><p><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/06/review-on-epidemiology-and-dynamics-of.html" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/0 ... cs-of.html</a></p><p></p><p>***Atypical forms of BSE have emerged which, although rare, appear to be more virulent than the classical BSE that causes vCJD.*** </p><p></p><p>Progress Report from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center </p><p></p><p>An Update from Stephen M. Sergay, MB, BCh & Pierluigi Gambetti, MD </p><p></p><p>April 3, 2008 </p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.aan.com/news/?event=read&article_id=4397&page=72.45.45" target="_blank">http://www.aan.com/news/?event=read&art ... e=72.45.45</a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Sunday, March 16, 2008 </p><p></p><p>MAD COW DISEASE terminology UK c-BSE (typical), atypical BSE H or L, and or Italian L-BASE </p><p></p><p><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/03/mad-cow-disease-terminology-uk-c-bse.html" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/0 ... c-bse.html</a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory JUNE 2008 </p><p></p><p>snip... </p><p></p><p>Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants Manuscript of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ... </p><p></p><p>snip... </p><p></p><p><a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/06/human-and-animal-tse-classifications-ie.html" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.co ... ns-ie.html</a></p><p></p><p></p><p>Friday, December 05, 2008 </p><p></p><p>Detection of Prion Infectivity in Fat Tissues of Scrapie-Infected Mice </p><p></p><p><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2008/12/detection-of-prion-infectivity-in-fat.html" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2008/12 ... n-fat.html</a></p><p></p><p></p><p>tss</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="flounder, post: 603897, member: 3519"] REPORT ON CURRENT & FUTURE SURVEILLANCE FOR BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY [url=http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/11/report-on-current-future-surveillance.html]http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/ ... lance.html[/url] Evaluation of the Human Transmission Risk of an Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Prion Strain Qingzhong Kong,1* Mengjie Zheng,1 Cristina Casalone,2 Liuting Qing,1 Shenghai Huang,1? Bikram Chakraborty,1 Ping Wang,1 Fusong Chen,1 Ignazio Cali,1 Cristiano Corona,2 Francesca Martucci,2 Barbara Iulini,2 Pierluigi Acutis,2 Lan Wang,1 Jingjing Liang,1 Meiling Wang,1 Xinyi Li,1 Salvatore Monaco,3 Gianluigi Zanusso,3 Wen-Quan Zou,1 Maria Caramelli,2 and Pierluigi Gambetti1* Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,1 CEA, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, 10154 Torino, Italy,2 Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy3 *Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. Phone for Pierluigi Gambetti: (216) 368-0586. Fax: (216) 368-2546. E-mail: [email=pxg13@case.edu]pxg13@case.edu[/email] . Phone for Qingzhong Kong: (216) 368-1756. Fax: (216) 368-2546. E-mail: [email=qxk2@case.edu]qxk2@case.edu[/email] ?Present address: Department of Patient Education and Health Information, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195. Received November 30, 2007; Accepted January 16, 2008. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the prion disease in cattle, was widely believed to be caused by only one strain, BSE-C. BSE-C causes the fatal prion disease named new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans. Two atypical BSE strains, bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE, also named BSE-L) and BSE-H, have been discovered in several countries since 2004; their transmissibility and phenotypes in humans are unknown. We investigated the infectivity and human phenotype of BASE strains by inoculating transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the human prion protein with brain homogenates from two BASE strain-infected cattle. Sixty percent of the inoculated Tg mice became infected after 20 to 22 months of incubation, a transmission rate higher than those reported for BSE-C. A quarter of BASE strain-infected Tg mice, but none of the Tg mice infected with prions causing a sporadic human prion disease, showed the presence of pathogenic prion protein isoforms in the spleen, indicating that the BASE prion is intrinsically lymphotropic. The pathological prion protein isoforms in BASE strain-infected humanized Tg mouse brains are different from those from the original cattle BASE or sporadic human prion disease. Minimal brain spongiosis and long incubation times are observed for the BASE strain-infected Tg mice. These results suggest that in humans, the BASE strain is a more virulent BSE strain and likely lymphotropic. [url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2268471]http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articl ... id=2268471[/url] Thursday, December 04, 2008 2:37 PM "we have found that H-BSE can infect humans." personal communication with Professor Kong. ...TSS November 25, 2008 Update On Feed Enforcement Activities To Limit The Spread Of BSE [url=http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/11/november-2008-update-on-feed.html]http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/11/ ... -feed.html[/url] "the biochemical signature of PrPres in the BASE-inoculated animal was found to have a higher proteinase K sensitivity of the octa-repeat region. We found the same biochemical signature in three of four human patients with sporadic CJD and an MM type 2 PrP genotype who lived in the same country as the infected bovine." just another one of those sporadic CJD coincidences i suppose $$$ NOT to forget ; Thursday, June 05, 2008 Review on the epidemiology and dynamics of BSE epidemics Vet. Res. (2008) 39:15 [url=http://www.vetres.org]www.vetres.org[/url] DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007053 c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2008 Review article snip... And last but not least, similarities of PrPres between Htype BSE and human prion diseases like CJD or GSS have been put forward [10], as well as between L-type BSE and CJD [17]. These findings raise questions about the origin and inter species transmission of these prion diseases that were discovered through the BSE active surveillance. snip... Cases of atypical BSE have only been found in countries having implemented large active surveillance programs. As of 1st September 2007, 36 cases (16 H, 20 L) have been described all over the world in cattle: Belgium (1 L) [23], Canada (1 H)15, Denmark (1 L)16, France (8 H, 6 L)17, Germany (1 H, 1 L) [13], Italy (3 L)18, Japan (1 L) [71], Netherlands (1 H, 2 L)19, Poland (1 H, 6 L)20, Sweden (1 H)21, United Kingdom (1 H)22, and USA (2 H)23. Another H-type case has been found in a 19 year old miniature zebu in a zoological park in Switzerland [56]. It is noteworthy that atypical cases have been found in countries that did not experience classical BSE so far, like Sweden, or in which only few cases of classical BSE have been found, like Canada or the USA. And last but not least, similarities of PrPres between Htype BSE and human prion diseases like CJD or GSS have been put forward [10], as well as between L-type BSE and CJD [17]. These findings raise questions about the origin and inter species transmission of these prion diseases that were discovered through the BSE active surveillance. full text 18 pages ; [url=http://www.vetres.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/vetres/pdf/2008/04/v07232.pdf]http://www.vetres.org/index.php?option= ... v07232.pdf[/url] please see full text ; [url=http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/06/review-on-epidemiology-and-dynamics-of.html]http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/0 ... cs-of.html[/url] ***Atypical forms of BSE have emerged which, although rare, appear to be more virulent than the classical BSE that causes vCJD.*** Progress Report from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center An Update from Stephen M. Sergay, MB, BCh & Pierluigi Gambetti, MD April 3, 2008 [url=http://www.aan.com/news/?event=read&article_id=4397&page=72.45.45]http://www.aan.com/news/?event=read&art ... e=72.45.45[/url] Sunday, March 16, 2008 MAD COW DISEASE terminology UK c-BSE (typical), atypical BSE H or L, and or Italian L-BASE [url=http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/03/mad-cow-disease-terminology-uk-c-bse.html]http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/0 ... c-bse.html[/url] HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory JUNE 2008 snip... Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants Manuscript of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ... snip... [url=http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/06/human-and-animal-tse-classifications-ie.html]http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.co ... ns-ie.html[/url] Friday, December 05, 2008 Detection of Prion Infectivity in Fat Tissues of Scrapie-Infected Mice [url=http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2008/12/detection-of-prion-infectivity-in-fat.html]http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2008/12 ... n-fat.html[/url] tss [/QUOTE]
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