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<blockquote data-quote="TexasJerseyMilker" data-source="post: 1807800" data-attributes="member: 42782"><p>I understand how in breed line breeding can select for and fix traits and can also bring out the genetic dark side. And for some reason is not popular in nature.</p><p></p><p>An elk bull sires all the calves in his band but usually starves in the winter because he did not eat and fatten himself to survive the winter. All he did was mate and fight. In this way the genetics of a supperior bull are passed on but he does not survive to breed his daughters. Sure sometimes that happens but usually not.</p><p></p><p>Young wolves leave their family and travel 100s of miles in search of a mate to form a pair bond and make a new pack.</p><p></p><p>Honeybees may have been improved but they haven't bred queens that mate with their own sons. Sure they breed lines and breeds of bees so they can sell a single expensive insect. They send them in little boxes by the US mail. My queen was a Carnolian but she swarmed with half the hive population including her drone sons to make a new hive. That is how bees increase themselves. But she was already bred so did not breed with them. However, her daughter queen she left behind flew out and mated with the local rifraf. Inbreeding is not possible in the real world.</p><p></p><p>Bulls breeding their own heifer calf before she was weaned she would have a calf way too young and would never amount to much trying to grow and make milk. She and would be sold off at an early age, not retained.</p><p></p><p>Herds of wild horses and zebras show a surprizing amount heterozygosity. This study done on wild horses -Abstract. A genetically-isolated herd of 24 Camargue horses left unmanaged for 6 years produced 58living foals and developed a social system similar to that of wild horses. Paternity of the foals wasdetermined by blood-typing. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated and were lower than expected onthe hypothesis that mating was random with respect to relatedness. The horses showed reduced levelsof sexual behaviour with members of their entourage as juveniles--mother, herd stallion and maternalsiblings.</p><p></p><p>Discussion- Under these semi-natural conditions the levelsof inbreeding remained low (median inbreedingcoefficient < 0.04 each year). The expected level,calculated by weighting each stallion accordingto his reproductive success, was significantly higher, both during the early years and after thedivision of the herd.This reduction of inbreeding did not resultfrom any general tendency of the mares to mate with less-related stallions for there was a positive,though non-significant, correlation between thestallions' reproductive success and their average relatedness to the mares.The most consanguineous offspring resultfrom parent-offspring and sibling matings. Both occurred and resulted in offspring in this herd<strong>.The horses did not, therefore, recognize and avoid all close kin. There was, however, an avoidance of mother-son pairings. There were also reduced levels of sexual behaviour between fillies and the stallion of their natal band, who would normally be their father, and between maternal siblings which had been contemporary members of their mother's matriarchal family.These horses therefore showed reduced levels ofsexual activity with the members of their immediate social entourage </strong>when juvenile, not withclose kin per se. These results do not provide evidence for genetically-based recognition of close kin such as has been found in some species(e.g. pigtail macaques, Wu et al. 1980), but theydo imply that the mechanisms which led to the reduction of inbreeding were based on experience. This kind of sexual imprinting has beenfound in a number of other mammals (e.g.Hoogland 1982) and in birds (e.g. Bateson 1978)and is considered to be a primary mechanism of incest avoidance in animal societies (Harveyet al. 1980)<strong>.The development of long-lasting social bonds between adult males and females in the year1977-1978 followed the pattern of sexual relationship in the early years. There was no general avoidance of close kin, but mother-son, filly stallion-of-natal-band and contemporary siblings did not occur in the same bands. As a consequence most stallions had relatively unrelated mares in their bands.These horses showed behaviour patterns which led to the reduction of inbreeding which is found inwild herds. It is therefore probable that the dispersal of young horses which, in mature societies,.generally occurs at puberty (e.g. Penzhorn 1979)is a consequence of the reduced levels of sexual activity between the young horses and their immediate entourage. </strong></p><p></p><p>The royal bloodlines of Europe intermarried too close and all kinds of defects appeared.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="TexasJerseyMilker, post: 1807800, member: 42782"] I understand how in breed line breeding can select for and fix traits and can also bring out the genetic dark side. And for some reason is not popular in nature. An elk bull sires all the calves in his band but usually starves in the winter because he did not eat and fatten himself to survive the winter. All he did was mate and fight. In this way the genetics of a supperior bull are passed on but he does not survive to breed his daughters. Sure sometimes that happens but usually not. Young wolves leave their family and travel 100s of miles in search of a mate to form a pair bond and make a new pack. Honeybees may have been improved but they haven't bred queens that mate with their own sons. Sure they breed lines and breeds of bees so they can sell a single expensive insect. They send them in little boxes by the US mail. My queen was a Carnolian but she swarmed with half the hive population including her drone sons to make a new hive. That is how bees increase themselves. But she was already bred so did not breed with them. However, her daughter queen she left behind flew out and mated with the local rifraf. Inbreeding is not possible in the real world. Bulls breeding their own heifer calf before she was weaned she would have a calf way too young and would never amount to much trying to grow and make milk. She and would be sold off at an early age, not retained. Herds of wild horses and zebras show a surprizing amount heterozygosity. This study done on wild horses -Abstract. A genetically-isolated herd of 24 Camargue horses left unmanaged for 6 years produced 58living foals and developed a social system similar to that of wild horses. Paternity of the foals wasdetermined by blood-typing. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated and were lower than expected onthe hypothesis that mating was random with respect to relatedness. The horses showed reduced levelsof sexual behaviour with members of their entourage as juveniles--mother, herd stallion and maternalsiblings. Discussion- Under these semi-natural conditions the levelsof inbreeding remained low (median inbreedingcoefficient < 0.04 each year). The expected level,calculated by weighting each stallion accordingto his reproductive success, was significantly higher, both during the early years and after thedivision of the herd.This reduction of inbreeding did not resultfrom any general tendency of the mares to mate with less-related stallions for there was a positive,though non-significant, correlation between thestallions' reproductive success and their average relatedness to the mares.The most consanguineous offspring resultfrom parent-offspring and sibling matings. Both occurred and resulted in offspring in this herd[B].The horses did not, therefore, recognize and avoid all close kin. There was, however, an avoidance of mother-son pairings. There were also reduced levels of sexual behaviour between fillies and the stallion of their natal band, who would normally be their father, and between maternal siblings which had been contemporary members of their mother's matriarchal family.These horses therefore showed reduced levels ofsexual activity with the members of their immediate social entourage [/B]when juvenile, not withclose kin per se. These results do not provide evidence for genetically-based recognition of close kin such as has been found in some species(e.g. pigtail macaques, Wu et al. 1980), but theydo imply that the mechanisms which led to the reduction of inbreeding were based on experience. This kind of sexual imprinting has beenfound in a number of other mammals (e.g.Hoogland 1982) and in birds (e.g. Bateson 1978)and is considered to be a primary mechanism of incest avoidance in animal societies (Harveyet al. 1980)[B].The development of long-lasting social bonds between adult males and females in the year1977-1978 followed the pattern of sexual relationship in the early years. There was no general avoidance of close kin, but mother-son, filly stallion-of-natal-band and contemporary siblings did not occur in the same bands. As a consequence most stallions had relatively unrelated mares in their bands.These horses showed behaviour patterns which led to the reduction of inbreeding which is found inwild herds. It is therefore probable that the dispersal of young horses which, in mature societies,.generally occurs at puberty (e.g. Penzhorn 1979)is a consequence of the reduced levels of sexual activity between the young horses and their immediate entourage. [/B] The royal bloodlines of Europe intermarried too close and all kinds of defects appeared. [/QUOTE]
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