I think the answer to this question depends on wether you are farming commercially or not. From a business point of view, when they are big enougth they are old enougth. You dont want to feed an unproductive animal any longer than you have to. For me this would be 60% of their mature weight. I serve holstein heifers at 15 months weighing 350kg upwards. If you are doing this for a hobby or maybe for breeding show or high value animals you can wait a lot longer. I aim to calve my limousin heifers at 21/2 years. Calving them that little bit later means I dont have to worry so much about the bulls I use, gives me a wider choice, I also think that those heifers make better cows as a result of being allowed to grow on.